However, a conventional 3D cutting process is still complex to study in. Thielenhaus Technologies is a leading provider of custom microfinish / superfinish solutions for large, medium and small businesses. 843 Viscosity, Kinematic 40C CN-TM-101 mm²/s 4. Tackle badly tarnished spots and the. MR finishing carried out on the copper alloy workpiece to investigate the MR finishing process and their parametric analysis. 2. Recently, a hybrid. However, a conventional 3D cutting process is still complex to study in. The ISF Process is a suite of chemically accelerated surface finishing and polishing technologies that generate low Ra surfaces with non-directional/isotropic surface textures and exceptionally high. Grind Master is the Metal Finishing Expert, offering the widest range of Metal Finishing Machinery for applications ranging across round tubes and bars, square tubes and flat bars, cookware, pots and pans, hardware, to roll grinding. LUXOR Shine Superfinishing Cream is available in a 100ml tube, perfectly suited for store, service and production use. Copper peptides "serve as an antioxidant, promote collagen and elastin production and also remove damaged collagen and elastin from the skin," says Joanna Vargas, a celebrity facialist. 1 Ton = 1,000 Kilograms. REM’s ISF ® Technologies are able to controllably remove the white layer from components like gears and have been used in this capacity for over 15 years. "Clean with Acetone and cloth or tissue" is an important step, so that you can see the result of your work with every step and to make sure to the work is going in right direction. 4%, with the low-end of 67830 yuan/mt and the high-end of 68100 yuan/mt. Superior Metal Finishing Ltd. All three sets were specified to have an initial roughness average (Ra) of 0. and it can be used to remeove small pits from the gear if found early enough, and restore the gear to a serviceable condition. Another common trigger is damaged threads due to shipping. Contact Us. A basic understanding of superfinishing for metal components. Superfinishing is a mechanical material removal procedure applied to material surfaces after they have been finished or modified somehow. Superfinisher Type SF 104-Druck for finest finishing of cylindrical workpieces. An embedded abrasive is a loose abrasive particle pressed into the surface of a specimen. V. Superfinishing. 124. Via per Cesano. In contrast to the classic lathe turning and grinding methods, there is full surface contact between the tool and the workpiece. These can be effective in the short term but leave a surface that is active and tarnishes again quickly. Innovations are constantly appearing. Grinding wheels Grinding wheels can sharpen knives and tools Grinding wheels are produced by mixing the appropriate grain size of abrasive with required bond and then pressed into shape The characteristics of the grinding wheel depends on number of variables Specified by dia. Spherical plain bearings and spherical components are used in diverse areas: they are installed in a wide variety of ways in the aerospace industry as well as in the automotive and agricultural industries. 010 mm to 0. Or, nails can be galvanized or plated with zinc or another metal. Electrochemical HMPs are generally recognized as micro-finishing processes which are used to finish gears, cylinders, micro-shafts, and other micro-, meso- and macro-engineered components in order to improve surface finish and/or to correct micro-irregularities. Supfina SuperfinishingIn today's video we present in the context of our "What is. Isotropic superfinishing represents an ideal, gentle, and controlled surface finishing solution to maximize the performance and potential of nitrided surfaces. SUPERFINISHING WITH PVD Vacuum metallization or PVD is a highly advanced treatment process commonly used for high-speed steel machining tools. With sufficient finishing time, it is obvious that the surface roughness, R a, reaches a steady state value of about 0. It is commonly used as the final finishing process for the rolling. Most manufacturers see grinding and superfinishing as separate operations. Simply apply the dark copper polishing compound to the course polishing disk by spinning the wheel against the compound. Learn what superfinishing is, what applications it. Abrasives of lapping: • Al 2 O 3 and SiC, grain size 5~100μm • Cr 2 O 3, grain size 1~2 μm • B 4 C 3, grain size 5-60 μm • Diamond, grain size 0. This diagram allowed us to estimate the microstructure under non-equilibrium conditions. The pH is around 9. Copper. Nous vous accompagnons dans tous vos projets et serons pertinents pour vous proposer le processus de. Bluing, sometimes spelled as blueing, is a passivation process in which steel is partially protected against rust using a black oxide coating. According to US Gear, the ISF process also eliminates the typical gear break-in procedure. Superfinishing is a process that induces a vibratory rubbing action of the abrasive stone with respect to the workpiece [1]. 1016/S0007-8506(07)60820-8 Corpus ID: 135714363; Forces and Specific Energy in Superfinishing of Hardened Steel @article{Chang1997ForcesAS, title={Forces and Specific Energy in Superfinishing of Hardened Steel}, author={Shih-Hsiang Chang and S. Sean Biello. Fine grades smooth scratches left by coarser grades and rough up painted surfaces before accepting new paint. Its key properties are that it has excellent electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, and good corrosion resistance. Extremely coarse; best for removing large amounts of wood and rounding off corners. Thielenhaus Microfinish Corp. 4. copper, brass, hardwood as well as hardened steel and glass are also used. It can also be used for grinding applications, drilling and general machining of aluminium and yellow metals. soft copper. Gun Bluing ( Black Oxide) Steel bluing, also known as gun bluing, oxidizing and black passivating, is a process by which the metal is given a rust-resistant finish. Bluing will provide a minimal amount of rust protection. 6. 05- 0. Bonded abrasive sticks/stones are used. Bonded abrasive sticks/stones are used. For alloy C10100 the Cu value is exclusive of Ag. Ghana. Therefore, superfinishing processes like lapping, honing, polishing, burnishing are being employed to achieve and improve the above- mentioned functional properties in the machine component. I n the previous column, we discussed the formation of the Iron-Carbon phase diagram. The ultrafine electrolytic copper powders were coated by silver using a combination of displacement reaction and reduction method, and the bimetallic core-shell powders with a 10wt. Floating or buoyant line is great for topwater fishing. Adams Copper 33" Single Bowl Undermount Farmhouse Apron Kitchen Sink by SINKOLOGY (362) SALE. Balasubramaniam and V. Phone: +1 248-347-1611. Dialux® polishing bars are ideal for use in the jewellery and watchmaking industry. 2 Copper and Copper Alloys 106. Nano finishing is an emerging field of manufacturing science, which imparts a high level of surface smoothness, wherein surface roughness lies in range of the nanometeric scale (0. It's premixed - just brush it on for a bright copper finish. They have facilities around the world and all North American plants are ISO 9001:2008 certified. A typical bath formulation contains 11g/L of copper metal. Keep adding compound to the wheel regularly. Third, to properly flush the gearbox, use one of the new gear lubricants, or a light viscosity of R&O compressor/turbine oil, filling to one-third the recommended operating oil level. 4 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 115. This is an engineered finish with the benefit of producing a low friction surface that will reduce. 09 min. 1052 Hubrey Road. In fact, material removal during this process induces geometrical, mechanical and micro-structural modifications in the machined surface and sub-surface. REM’s complete isotropic superfinishing systems are robust equipment solutions for increasing the quality, volume, and reliability of the metal finishing and surface polishing processes at your company. . REM Surface Engineering's ISF® Process Overview. High volume production, one-off specialty projects, large or small components, we’ve got the expertise to meet your surface finishing needs. into other aspects of superfinishing. Call for a free quote. M. The Ra surface finish chart shows the arithmetic average of surface heights measured across a surface. 4. By combining measurements of forces and material. At Supfina, service is key. Our vibratory deburring media are suitable for deburring and edge finishing brass, aluminum. It is found in all body tissues and plays a role in making red blood cells and maintaining nerve cells and the immune system. 3 – Grinding. Superfinishing is commonly called for on camshafts to improve wear resistance and to improve the frictional behaviour of the cam-to-follower contact. Copper Plating (E7) Bombardier: PPS 33. DOI: 10. REM Surface Engineering has been providing turnkey installations to its customers for over four decades with excellent results. Surface durability is greatly impacted by isotropic superfinishing, allowing for increased power density of gears and power transfer systems. Prepared by Daniel M. By Phone: 519-686-0803. Copper corrosion 3 hr at 100°C ISO 2592 ASTM D 130 1a Brugger Lubricant Tester N/mm². REM Surface Engineering's ISF® Process Overview. REM Surface Engineering's ISF Process Overview. Nano finishing is an emerging field of manufacturing science, which imparts a high level of surface smoothness, wherein surface roughness lies in range of the nanometeric scale (0. This research aims to investigate the effect of adding copper oxide nanoparticles. In a pinch, rely on the acid in tomatoes to effectively clean copper. Flanagan [(703) 648–7726, dflanagan@usgs. 6 Poon and Bhushan7 demonstrated the influence of the resolution of the applied measurement equipment . Your actual process and surface finishes may vary depending on your performance requirements and process equipment. Vibratory Tumblers. Nano finishing is. 25 ± 0. g. They’re both useful in different situations. The media used in these tubs is a high density, non-abrasive ceramic material, with the shape and size of the media selected to match the geometry of the gears being finished. Superfinishing is undertaken in vibratory finishing tubs, of the same type that have been used for many years in other abrasive media finishing processes. While in the developed countries, they are superfinished with the high-frequency oscillation of whetstones, which is the only and conventional way and with a high cost. . From simple deburring to high-end titanium finishing, our combination of specialized tumbling media and centrifugal polishing expertise fill the finishing gaps in your overall part production process. ”. Company Information: General Magnaplate provides engineered coatings. 5. The copper acetate is created by mixing distilled vinegar and household hydrogen peroxide in a 50/50 ratio. 801-416-3960. The greatest possible flexibility when machining any raceway geometries; The highest quality is easily achieved, even for small batches and single parts; Creation of a surface with a high load-bearing capacity and good lubricating propertiesCopper is a trace element (minerals required in amounts 1 to 100 mg/day by adults) found in high concentrations in the brain, liver, and kidney. Lightweight and Eco-Friendly: Copper is a lightweight material, which means it puts less stress on a building’s structure compared to heavier roofing materials. REM’s isotropic superfinishing technologies are able to controllably remove as little as 0. 5 ± 0. The range includes compounds for every polishing stage (brushing, polishing, colouring, super finishing). Figure 9—Close-up of a superfinished gear. for copper and copper alloys” contin-ues a long tradition established by the German Copper Institute (DKI). Ag. Researchers have confirmed that high finishing automotive parts such as gears, camshafts, or crankshafts are more environment-friendly, durable, and energy. They’re also good for sanding drywall. After brushing, the metal surface is excluded from all fine particles and metal residues by rinsing. It is also ductile and has an interesting reddish-brown color. 1 to 100 nm). In fact, material removal during this process induces geometrical, mechanical and micro-structural modifications in the machined surface and sub-surface. Specification Of Super finishing Sr. Machine Systems: Rolls are used in conjunction with a dedicated lathe microfinishing unit Superfinisher (typically with 75mm cores). Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as. Both processes are finishing or superfinishing processes used for enhancing the surface of the workpiece in both ways (Physical and Aesthetic Properties). Copper per 100 grams. What is Buffing? Buffing is a surface finishing process to shine metal, wood, or composites. DIALUX®. 4 a and b shows the change in surface roughness, R a, of workpiece with various initial surface roughnesses during superfinishing of 8119 steel with aluminum oxide stones and M50 steel with CBN stones, respectively. 8 Free Abrasives 543. 025mm Merits and Demerits of Super finishingprocess. If you spray the coating, cut it with lacquer thinner [affil links on eBay & Amazon] 3 to 1. 7. The process is used to size and finish bored holes, remove common errors left by boring (taper, waviness, and tool marks) or remove the tool marks left by grinding. Cast iron is the mostly used lap material. 001 – 0. However, a conventional 3D cutting process is still complex to study in. Copper, Chrome, Aluminium, Stainless Steel, Plastic, Brass, Ceramics and Tungsten Carbide. Deburring Machines Blog. Trading volume was 21,000 lots, and open interest stood at 156,000 lots. 101 copper offers higher conductivity due to its purity. These small, individually packed bars are the product of choice for goldsmiths and watchmakers across the globe. Since oxidized copper also has a lot of texture to it, we recommend mixing Texture Powder with your Belt Buckle in a 1:1 ratio, then. SUPERFINISHING | 1,194 followers on LinkedIn. The buffing process. Table 2: Test gear specifications for C-GFU specimens for all gears prior to superfinishing. Isotropic Superfinishing is a chemically accelerated vibratory finishing process that is capable of generating surface finishes with an Arithmetic Mean Roughness (R a )< 3 min. Nickel is the most common material deposited in electroless plating processes, but gold, silver, and copper can. O. Hot forging results in metal that is stronger than cast or machined metal parts. Isotropic superfinishing and electrochemical grinding are examples of chemically accelerated processes. 1 μm. Evolution. 29 Nano and Micro-Manufacturing Processes 548. It will be used in the electronics market and requires ultra-clean, hard as-rolled copper foil. Lapping often follows other subtractive processes with more aggressive material removal as a first step, such as milling and/or grinding . Although different companies and entities may apply their own definition to the term, in. Superfinishing machining has a particular impact on cutting mechanics, surface integrity and local electrochemical behavior. Doses of up to 10 milligrams of copper daily are likely safe, but 1 gram (1,000 milligrams) or more of copper could result in toxicity symptoms, even leading to organ failure and death. Characteristic Unlike grinding and polishing,. The honing speed is slightly higher than lapping. work, the superfinishing of WC/W coatings should be feasible, as the coating has a similar surface. This is the first step in concentrating the copper into a more useable form. The solution then converts the iron on the metal surface into a compound known as magnetite. For manual polishing with LUXOR® Microfiber. join our mailing list. These are available in Grits upto 50,000 on the traditional grit scale. Lapping is a machining process in which two surfaces are rubbed together with an abrasive between them, by hand movement or using a machine. $632$1,075. 6. Copper Corrosion CN-TM-020 - 1B Specific Gravity CN-TM-084 @15C (60F) 0. The sensor has a sufficiently high natural frequency and resolution to measure both the average and oscillatory forces to within 10 milli-Newton. Sanitary and BPE Mechanically Polished Inside Diameter (ID) and Outside Diameter (OD) Inside Diameter Outside Diameter Surface Finish Code R a (max)It also includes methods of metal cleaning, descaling, deburring, etc. However, the surface of a component is not. SUPERFINISHING SYSTEM Self-development DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF SUPERFINISHING 2015 2014 2010. 03. Sb. Application Variocut B 30 is designed for arduous broaching of stainless steels. Chamber Height mm. It generally consists of two half cells and a salt bridge. Table 1 lists the superfinishing conditions. It is important to understand the difference between buffing and polishing. Wheels constructed of either abrasive wrapped around a hard core or wheels constructed of a solid molded abrasive that are used primarily in polishing, deburring, and finishing applications. Slightly higher in viscosity than KG3X which allows more oil to remain on the part while honing. 2. 1. is the first mine in North America to feature electric. 4 MET-ALL BC-10 Brass & Copper Polish. 3M™ Lapping Film Micron graded aluminium oxide mineral particles coated on a polyester film backing to provide precision finishes. The specially formulated patina will create lustrous color on your solder that is fantastic for copper foil projects or to cover solder joints in copper came construction. It levels out the residues or excess products to provide a smooth surface and look. The superfinishing is produced in vibratory finishing bowls or tubs. REM Surface Engineering is the world’s leader in isotropic superfinishing technology. conventional honing and a 'smooth' with = 0. Lightweight tool used for faster file copying and moving, often used as an alternative to the default. The largest compact machine for industrial applications. Te. Often considered the simplest technique for case hardening, the process is commonplace in aircraft. Sato et al. Hence, an attempt has been made to analyze behavior of CMMRF process by implementing finite element based simulation and, mathematical modeling followed by their validation. Stand-alone roll-to-roll laser machine are interim solutions. Abrasive Wheels. Vibratory finishing machines are usually spring-mounted open. g. 1. ☎ We will answer your questions: +1 248 349 9450. Increased surface hardness. face-centered cubic (fcc) Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. Both Buffing and Polishing Process is a common term and these are used in Manufacturing Processes or you can say manufacturing industry. 4 Ways To Seal Copper Jewelry. PDJ Vibro Supplies the widest range of vibratory bowls and troughs as well as barrels and centrifugal finishing machines. Isotropic super-finishing for gear boxes, differentials, camshafts, crankshafts - Superbikes, Super Sports, Classic Racing, MX, Supermoto, Thundersport, Vespa restoration & tuning and Lambretta restoration & tuning. Novi, MI 48375. Fig. Beryllium copper (2 percent Be) is an unusual copper alloy in that it can be hardened by heat treatment. Fine; used to roughen surfaces for painting or as a first passthrough for later sanding with ultra-fine grits. The REM Process is known to reduce cycle time,. The company is such a believer in ISF treatment that it had REM Surface Engineering super-finishing. 2 µin. Tape Superfinisher attachments offer a fast and effective means to perform superfinishing on a standard engine lathe or turning machine. The surface is completely free of grit lines, achieving the perfect mirror finish. These operations can be for aesthetic and/or functional purposes. Rub with 1000 grid sand paper. 4 – Inspection. By combining measurements of. Shops offering chemical finishing may provide a coating produced by chemical or electrochemical treatment of a metal surface. Vibratory Tumblers. REM’s isotropic superfinishing technologies are able to controllably remove as little as 0. Machine Systems: Rolls are used in conjunction with a dedicated lathe microfinishing unit Superfinisher (typically with 75mm cores). SUR FIN Chemical Inc. The polishing technique is another popular way to finish copper projects. 1 Technical contribution to the 49th Rolling Seminar – Processes, Rolled and Coated Products, October,Common, Box, Brad & Finishing Nails. Copper is normally present in stainless steel, which added to selected alloys to enhance. Thus, hot forging technology has a special place in producing parts of superior mechanical properties with minimum waste of material (2). Copper per 134g leg. 675) today to see how we can help solve your surface finishing/polishing needs. to 3. The Combined Abrasive and Liquid are Called a “Slurry”, this is a Liquid Cutting Tool. Now depending on the application being manufactured,. Find Clues About the Facility. Some of the general advantages of metal finishing. In fact, material removal during this process induces geometrical, mechanical and micro-structural modifications in the machined surface and sub-surface. 5 inches, and the pinion has a diameter of 1. In fact, material removal during this process induces geometrical, mechanical and micro-structural modifications in the machined surface and sub-surface. Creating optimal surfaces on metal components is REM’s business focus. CBN. REM’s ISF ® Technologies are able to controllably remove the white layer from components like gears and have been used in this capacity for over 15 years. London ON, N6N 1B6. 2µm 0. To be used wet. Superfinishing is a mechanical material removal process that is performed on material surfaces after they have already undergone some type of finishing or other. It helps make energy, connective tissue and blood vessels. 9 Design Considerations in Grinding 547. The only other non-silvery metal on the periodic table is gold, which has a yellowish color. b) Work piece. This process was experimentally investigated on mono-crystalline silicon as well as copper alloy [9], [10], which is not enough to utilize maximum capability of the process. 010 mm to 0. Development of chemo-mechanical magnetorheological finishing process for super finishing of copper alloy. was founded in 1979. Sandpaper Grit Guide. Stripping rates of ca. The next step in the process flow is smelting for sulfide ore concentrate and solvent extraction for oxide ore leach solution. Copper. 75 - 5. Superfinishing is a chip removing machining process. Electric work done by a galvanic cell is mainly due to the Gibbs energy of spontaneous redox reaction in the voltaic cell. 1C. ISMA, 350 Supers, Oswego, MSS, ERA, CSS, West Coast and Vintage. 5 Premier Copper Products Sealant. Santi 33" Drop-in Copper Double Bowl Kitchen Sink, 1-Hole by SINKOLOGY (28) SALE. With the right start, superfinishing is a very effective and economical process for achieving mirror-like finishes. PDJ Vibro's revolutionary new compound, NF-15 XP, has taken the world of 3D printed metals by storm. To be used wet. This magnetite gives a black coating on the metal surface. Its rolling action removes material from recesses, pockets, and bores on delicate parts, making it ideal for almost any size and shape part. Abstract. CLS Scoring System: Coptics laser scoring machine offer a special concept: they weaken foil webs with the maximum producticity and quantity. Machining surface finish influences the quality, durability and performance of manufactured parts and components. Friction causes galling, so any form of interference or heat build-up can cause galling. 3M Drywall 120-Grit Sanding Sponge 6. Superfinishing, also known as micromachining and short-stroke honing, is a metalworking process that improves surface finish and workpiece. After talking to Franklin and finishing Secret Lives, head to The Facility which can be found on the other side of the planet. Stainless steel's resistance to corrosion results from the chromium,. Your one-stop shop for. DIYers can avoid the hassle of mixing clear epoxy with messy dyes to achieve the color. Short delivery times are guaranteed by keeping all standard materials in stock at our company. The copper electrode is designed to be hollow to allow the electrolyte to pass through it, and its position could be adjusted to change the gap. Fine (100- and 120-grit): The best utility sandpaper. 54 gear ratio. (0. Ra and 13. Experimental results are pre- sented that show the effect of contact pressure, process kinematics, and grit size. Another common trigger is damaged threads due to shipping. Our superfinishing process is designed to refine and polish surfaces to enhance component performance. Isotropic superfinishing (ISF) machines use a non-abrasive process consisting of mass finishing or tumbling media, combined with chemicals, that convert a surface layer on the part into a soft compound easily removed by finishing media. This sponge features conventional 3M abrasives and is made with durable, flexible foam. You should also do an under-plating of copper, nickel or both metals. Copper is a really versatile metal. For instance, when manufactured products possess smooth surfaces, they resist wear and tear better than finished parts with rougher surfaces because friction levels remain lower. Ra. 1 Introduction 548. Common triggers are debris in the thread, reusing overtightened hardware, and threading soft materials together such as stainless steel. 3M™ Lapping Film Micron graded aluminium oxide mineral particles coated on a polyester film backing to provide precision finishes. 05 μm that is easily achieved with e. The site offers one-stop metal finishing for newly manufactured parts as well as repair and overhaul applications. Superfinishing includes centerless superfinishing and reciprocating superfinishing. Novi, MI 48375. I would definitely use copper creek to finish my basement. This group is exclusive for people looking to buy and sell everything supermodified related. White aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, cubic boron nitride, or diamond abrasive is used. Seeking the advice of a competent superfinishing abrasive products manufacturer is the best bet. 10 microns/minute can be achieved in still vat conditions, this can be increased to a maximum 50 microns/minute in spray conditions dependent upon agitation rate and temperature. ) Sunnen “SF” Superfinishing Oil Sunnen “SF. Key Takeaways. 3 µin. The anode-to-cathode ratio is 2:1, with the same anodes used in cyanide copper solutions. The only other chemicals in the solution are maybe a couple of percent of free nitric acid and from 0 to about 90 g/l copper as copper nitrate [affil link]. Isotropic superfinishing is an ideal method of removing the problematic white layer created during the nitriding process. Our vibratory deburring media are suitable for deburring and edge finishing brass, aluminum. 1 to 100 nm). Machining of various materials using superfinishing technology; The right machining process for each specific workpiece; The right superfinishing system for each requirement Roll Grinding and Superfinishing with Superabrasives 3M’s Technical Service Engineers recommend using the following sequences for roll grinding and superfinishing a variety of roll materials. Aluminum is difficult to drill because its ductility and softness causes the material to make constant prolonged contact with the rake face, or cutting edges, of a drill. Stainless Steel - Aluminium - Titanium - Brass - Copper - Precious metals – plastic - Tiles. 3. It is a suite of isotropic finishing and superfinishing processes design to accommodate large batch volume component processing. A basic understanding of superfinishing for metal components. Service. ☎ We will answer your questions: +1 248 349 9450. ), as illustrated in Fig. Isotropic superfinishing is an ideal method of removing the problematic white layer created during the nitriding process. It can be used in both dip and spray applications. In some developing countries, the raceways of large bearing rings with outer diameters of 200 mm and above are ground and then are assembled and ready to leave the factory. This paper discusses the scuffing test data performed on specimens superfinished using chemically accelerated vibratory finishing. By Nathan Michaud - February 17, 2017. blockers and anti-oxidants which will protect your copper gutters from tarnishing. Its rolling action removes material from recesses, pockets, and bores on delicate parts, making it ideal for almost any size and shape part. Superfinishing is a mechanical material removal process that is performed on material surfaces after they have already undergone some type of finishing or other surface modification process. It removes scratches and tool marks on the surface. Copper Mountain mine, near Princeton, B. However, there have been very few studies related to achieving finishing up to atomic-level on the aluminum alloys by chemo-mechanical polishing (CMP) and magnetorheological finishing (MRF). Fundada em 1993, a Super Finishing se destaca no segmento de Tratamento de Superfícies no Mercado Nacional e Internacional. 7. It is suitable to treat materials included in the steel, cobalt-chrome, titanium, copper -based, nickel-based and aluminium groups. Powder-bed fusion, DED, Binder Jet, Metal.